Physical Qualities Of Sportsmen

Each person possesses certain impellent possibilities (for example, Can lift any weight, run so much metres for certain time and Etc.). They are realised in certain movements which differ nearby Characteristics, both qualitative, and quantitative. So, for example, sprintersky Run and marathon race make qualitatively various demands to an organism, Cause display of different physical qualities. Physical (or impellent) It is accepted to name qualities the separate parties of impellent possibilities of the person.

В«physical qualityВ» unites Concept, In particular, those parties of a motility of the person, which:

1) are shown In identical parametres of movement also are measured by identical way — have The same measuring instrument (for example, the maximum speed);

2) have Similar physiological and biochemical mechanisms also demand display Similar properties of mentality.

As consequence of it an education technique Physical quality has the general lines without dependence from a concrete kind Movements. For example, endurance in swimming and run improve in Much similar ways though these movements are sharply various.

Representation about physical qualities Has arisen originally in the methodical literature on physical training and To sports (V.Ukhov, 1875; Lagranzh, 1892; De-meni, 1915; Schmidt, 1925; A.D.Novikov, 1941, 1949, etc.) and only then has gradually won the citizenship rights in Physiology of sports and other scientific disciplines. Necessity of introduction along with Traditional representation about impellent skills eshe and a special category «the physical Qualities »it is caused by inquiries of practice, in particular distinctions in a technique Teaching. So, at training to movements the teacher can the uncountable In the ways to help pupils to receive representation about correct performance — about Body position, direction and amplitude of movement, its rhythm, etc. But in The relation of force, speed, duration and other similar parametres Movements it can give only such instructions as «is stronger — more poorly», «faster — More slowly », etc.

Using mathematical terminology, Would be admissible to speak about multidimensionality of impellent skills (in that sense, That skill, to be exact — movement in which it is realised, is possible full enough To characterise, only having specified in very big number of its parametres) and One-dimensionalities of physical qualities (at their display in concrete movement).

Though development of physical qualities, as As well as formation of impellent skills, in many respects depends on formation uslovnoreflektornyh relations in the central nervous system (N. V.Zimkin, 1954, 1956, etc.), for physical qualities much bigger value have Biochemical and morphological (in particular histologic) reorganisations in Organism as a whole.

For development of physical qualities It is characteristic considerably smaller in comparison with formation of skills osoznavaemost those components of which there is a success in achievement The planned purpose. It is possible to tell to the person as it is necessary to carry out this or that Movement (for example, a double somersault), but no explanations will help to establish The best coordination relations in activity of cardiovascular system, To achieve bolshej endurance.

Existence of two parties of the impellent Functions —

skills and qualities leads to allocation in Physical training process (in sports training) two directions: Training to movements (technical training) and education of physical qualities (the physical Preparation).

2. Terminological remarks. We We use in the present book terms physical and impellent qualities as The equivalent. Both of them are not quite ideal, however hardly probable correctly to give To the given question the basic Value and to arrange in this occasion of discussion.

Distinction between terms education and Development of physical qualities is represented to us rather essential. Development Physical qualities there is a process of their change in a human life course. For example, in Force development are marked its gradual lifting by 25—30 years, then the period Stabilisation and the subsequent decrease, etc. Education of physical qualities we We name pedagogical managerial process, influences on development for the purpose of it Changes in the direction necessary to us. So, speaking about force education, we discuss Question on a choice of training exercises, their dosage and so forth Differently: The term development designates the changes occurring in an organism; the term Education — the actions necessary that these changes corresponded to ours To desires. We understand, that a word-combination «education of physical qualities» Is unusual for the most part of readers. But it, perhaps, unique Its lack.

We are represented correct to speak about Physical qualities of the person, instead of about qualities of impellent activity, as It often do (N.N.Jakovlev, And. V.Korobkov, With. V.Jananis, 1957, etc.). The bases for this purpose two: first, qualities (for example, endurance) are Some characteristic of the person, instead of movement; we speak about force of L. Zhabotinsky, P.Bolotnikova's-endurance; we improve, at last, in sports The person, its possibilities to carry out those or other movements, instead of movements. Secondly, undoubtedly, that impellent qualities of the person are shown in those or Other characteristics (parametres) of movement, defining the maximum conducted -

ranks of these parametres. However distinctions Between указа1 nymi in sizes, naturally, Quantitative, instead of ka chestvennye. For example, run on 100 m from the point of view ana | liza the movement differs from marathon race on advantage only Quantitatively (speed of run, force ottalkivany and t are various длин* distances. The item), not actively »ate these quantitatively various kinds and demand for the successful Performance kachestven ' but other properties of the person — speed and endurance.